Job Satisfaction Is Defined As The Positive Feeling Felt...

Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction is defined as the positive feeling felt by an individual about a job which results from and evaluation of the job’s characteristics (Robbins Judge, 2013). With an understanding of job satisfaction we will look at and describe the issues of three individuals and their three different jobs. Describing their job satisfactions, dislikes, and how all this relates to their performances on the job. The three different jobs that are presented for consideration of job satisfaction are an accountant position where Maria works, a Quality Control Manager for an insurance company, and this is where Darell works, and finally we have a Retail Store Manager for an outdoor company where Mike works. All three of these jobs have characteristics that can contribute to increased levels of job satisfaction. All three of these jobs offer plenty of hours of work. This can lead to job stability and increase the affective commitment that a person might have toward a job (Milligan, 2014). Maria’s job as an accountant gives her job satisfaction because she has intellectual abilities that allow her to do mental thinking and reasoning. It could also be presumed that the Quality Control Manager and the Retail Store Manager have the same intellectual abilities. For the Quality Control Manager position the opportunity to travel all over the United States could produce job satisfaction. Finally th e position of the retail manager that Mike possesses gives job satisfactionShow MoreRelatedJob Satisfaction Among Library It Workers1073 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This research study looks at job satisfaction among library IT workers as it related to demographic, socioeconomic, and other work-related variables. These variables include a sense of belonging, their faith in wanting to belong, feeling accepted, paying one s dues, the autonomy of one s job, promotional opportunities, and the job role. The research indicated that along with these variables, an MLS degree and salary related to job satisfaction among library IT workers and provided explanationsRead MoreApplication Of Theory : Low Morale Among Staff Members1363 Words   |  6 PagesApplication of Theory: Low Morale among Staff Members Nursing theories are defined as a systematic review of a phenomenon that consist of interconnected concepts. Theories can be classified in four categories: metatheory, grand theory, middle range theory, and situation-specific theory or by purpose. They are useful tools for reasoning, critical thinking, decision making, and problem solving in nursing practice. Theory provides the framework to a nurse’s professional practice, research, and education;Read MoreEssay on Employee Motivation 1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rewards is highly positive (2003, p.20). For sales people to reap rewards or benefits, they first need to know the expectancy of their position. During this first stage, the managers will layout the training that is needed and will set their goals. The managers are also responsible for continued follow up and coaching. Often times this type of follow up is accomplished on the sales floor, so they may continue to have a high level of performance. The coaching is kept positive so that the sales personRead MoreDefining Job Satisfaction1296 Words   |  5 Pages task satisfaction for neighborhood customer contentment, top quality, time, structure of organization and its particular strength gain a higher importance. It might be only so practical for the employees who communicate with customers one-to-one along with the employees in producing to process by means of fulfilling their tasks impeccably (perfectly), obstruct the wastage regarding enterprise and display positive behaviors like this, with construction of an emotional bond using their job and placeRead MoreMental Health : An Individual s Psychological And Emotional Wellbeing1411 Words   |  6 Pagesconsequences that it can have, not only to the individual but also to the productivity of their organization (Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, 2007; Shaw Trust, 2010). Every year, mental health in the workplace is costing the UK economy approximately  £26 billion due to staff turnover, lower quality decisions, lower productivity and staff not turning up to work (Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2012). In a three-month period, individuals with depression miss an average of 4.8 workdaysRead MoreLeadership Styles And The Job Satisfaction Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesleadership styles and its sub-scales have a significant role in job satisfaction. These results were consistencewith previous research results that doing in this field. 1. There is a positive correlation between leadership styles and the job-satisfaction in education providers. The determinants of job satisfaction, leadership is viewed as an important predictor and plays a central role. Leadership is a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well asRead MoreMeaning And Nature Of Motivation854 Words   |  4 PagesMeaning and Nature of Motivation Motivation can be defined as psychological forces that determine the direction of a person’s behaviour in an organization, a person’s level of effort and persistence in the face of obstacles (Jones George, 2016). It is also the work a manager performs to induce subordinates to act in the desired manner by satisfying their needs and desires. It is concerned with how behaviour gets started, is energized, sustained and directed towards attaining a goal. It is characterizedRead MoreEmployees : Attitudes And Job Satisfaction1463 Words   |  6 PagesEmployees: Attitudes and Job Satisfaction What is attitude? Attitude can be defined as a reflection of how we feel about people, places, or things. It s an expression of like and dislikes based on the values or beliefs that an individual holds. Research suggest that attitude can be structured in terms of three component called the ABC Model: affective, behavioral, and cognitive. The affective component involves a person s feeling and emotion. For example: I hate my job. Behavioral is the actionRead MoreOrganization Behavior Midterm Quiz930 Words   |  4 Pagesskill involves the capacity to analyze and solve complex and interrelated problems? Answer Selected Answer: Conceptual Correct Answer: Conceptual . Question 4 .4 out of 4 points Correct An individual who helps others achieve high levels of both performance and satisfaction is a(n): Answer Selected Answer: effective manager. Correct Answer: effective manager. . Question 5 .4 out of 4 points Correct __________ in organizations emphasizes appreciation of differencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotions On The Workplace Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pageswithin an organization and how they can positively or negatively affect individuals. Components of emotions, such as emotional labor, affective events theory (AET), and emotional intelligence (EI) will be discussed in further detail in efforts to support the evidence that emotions are relevant in the workplace. An emotion can be defined as a brief, but intense reaction to an event that can cause a positive or negative feeling (Bauer Erdogan, 2012). These experienced emotions can influence a person’s

Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Recent Development - 3564 Words

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: recent development in the catalyzed production of hydrocarbon fuels Salvatore Luiso CHE 717 Term Paper Submitted December 12, 2014 1 Table of contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Literature review ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Fischer–Tropsch overview .................................................................................................................. 2 Kinetics and distribution models ........................................................................................................ 3 Catalysts pellets diffusion and reaction models ................................................................................. 6 Diffusion limitations .......................................................................................................................... 11 External mass transfer limitations .................................................................................................... 12 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 13 References ............................................................................................................................................ 14Show MoreRelatedExperimental Theory, State Of The Art, And Economics2376 Words   |  10 PagesThe Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process is a part of the larger Gas to Liquids technology. The purpose of the FT process is to convert syngas, which is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Syngas for FT can be coal, natural gas, or biomass derived, which opens several pathways for how FT can be industrialized. Since its creation, the FT process has continuously been researched and commercialized, but it remains an unpopular pathway to obtain liquid fuels. Ongoing developmentRead MoreThe Origin Of Life Arose From Earth1903 Words   |  8 Pagesbiosynthesis and thus led to the creation of prokaryotes. The membranes of the prokaryotes were believed to be composed of chains of ether-linked isoprene units. Although it had been hypothesized that chemical evolution of straight fatty acid through Fischer-Tropsch-like reactions (Simoneit et al., 2007) many facts indicate that ether-type lipid with branched chains with isoprene units were more probable structures of lipids at the early stages of life. The prokaryotes are simple cells without a nucleus

People and Civilizations of the Americas Free Essays

People and Civilizations of the Americas An ancient civilization called Mesoamerican of the Maya developed a written language which enabled scribes to record the important actions of rulers and military events. One of the scribes was called the Mayan Scribe. The Mayan Scribe used a complex writing system to record religious concepts and memorializes the actions of their kings. We will write a custom essay sample on People and Civilizations of the Americas or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lady WacChanil-Ahau, the Maya princess, mounted a litter decorated with rich textiles and animal skins. The Mayans had a urban center called Dos Pilas. Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau’s destination was the Maya city of Naranjo, where she married a powerful nobleman. Her marriage was eliminated when the regions major military power Caracol, had defeated Naranjo. K’ ak Tiliw Chan Chaak, the son of Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau, ascended the throne of Naranjo as a five-year-old in 693 C. E . Chaak was a prodigious builder, leaving behind an expanded and beautified capital as part of his legacy. He erected numerous carved stone monuments called stelae celebrated her life. The defeat of the city-states of Tikal and Naranjo by Caracol undermined long-standing commercial and political relations in much of southern Mesoamerica and led to more than a centaury of conflict. Caracol was challenged by the dynasty created at Dos Pilas by the heirs of Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau. The two shared culture and religion, the great Maya cities stayed divided by the dynastic ambitions of their rulers and by the competition for resources. The people of the Americas were in constant competition for resources as the story of Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau’s marriage and her role in the development of the Maya dynasty suggested them. Member’s elites organized their societies to meet these challenges, even as their ambition for greater power predictably ignited new conflicts. No single set of political institutions or technologies worked in every environment, and enormous cultural diversity existed in the ancient Americas. Mesoamerica, which is Mexico and northern Central America and the Andean region extraordinarily productive and diversified agriculture. Cities were built that rivaled the capital of the Chinese and Roman Empire in size and beauty. The rest of the hemisphere, indigenous peoples adapted combinations of hunting and agriculture to maintain a wide variety of settlement patters, political forms, and cultural traditions. All cultures and civilizations of America experienced cycles of expansion and contraction as they struggled with the challenges of environmental changes, population growth, social conflicts and war. How to cite People and Civilizations of the Americas, Essays

Constitutional Commissions of the Philippines free essay sample

They must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines 2. They must be at least 35 years of age at the time of their appointment (rather 3. They must be persons with proven capacity for public administration. Knowledge of law or experience in the practice of law is not required by the Constitution presumably because the position calls more for administrative ability rather than legal competence. There must be a showing that they have been in the service as an effective public administrator. This is necessary because the Commissioners are responsible for an agency that performs significant functions 4.They must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment. This requirement insures the political neutrality of prospective appointees and effectively precludes the appointment of political limericks. TERM: 7 years of term without reappointment ; Commission on Elections The Commission on Elections has the following powers and functions: 1 . Enforce and administer all laws related to the conduct of elections, plebiscite, referendum and recall. We will write a custom essay sample on Constitutional Commissions of the Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Judge all contests relating to elections, results, and qualifications of all elective regional and provincial and city officials; 3.Deputies law enforcement agencies of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, to ensure free, orderly and honest elections; 4. Register and accredit political parties; 5. Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election expenses and prohibit all forms of election frauds and malpractices, political opportunism, guest or nuisance candidacy or other similar acts; and 6. Submit reports to the President, the Congress on the conduct of each election, plebiscite, referendum or recall. 1 . They must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines. . They must be at least 35 years of age at the time of their appointment. 3. They must be at least holders of a college degree. 4. They must not have been candidates for any elective position in the immediately preceding elections. ; Commission on Audit The Commission on Audit has the following powers and functions: 1 . Examine, audit and settle, in accordance with law and regulations, all accounts pertaining to the revenues and receipts of aid expenditures or uses of undo and property of the government and all government-owned or controlled corporations.

Essay Writing Quiz free essay sample

Circle the letter that â€Å"most correctly† answers the question with regard to writing an essay on the following topic: â€Å"Belief in the freedom of religion was central to the development of some colonies, while in other colonies such freedom was denied. † Assess the validity of this statement. 1. All of the following should appear in an introductory paragraph on this essay topic definitions of important concepts like freedom of religion and development b. thesis statement that takes a clear position on the argument raised by the question c. a precise restatement of the sentence in quotation marks d. a summary of each side of the argument raised by the question 2. Which of the following BEST summarizes the meaning of, and controversy raised by, the question? All of the colonists believed in the concept of freedom of religion, true or false? b. Was the development of some of the colonies driven by the desire for religious freedom or was religious freedom really a peripheral issue in almost all of the colonies? . We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Writing Quiz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Were the colonies that claimed to believe in religious freedom really the most intolerant and the ones who claimed to be intolerant really the most free? d. To what extent was religious persecution a big problem in the colonies? 3. Which of the following would be the BEST thesis statement for an essay on this question? a. While on the surface religious freedom seems to have been important to the growth of the American colonies, in reality it was rarely an important issue in the development of any of the colonies. . â€Å"Belief in the freedom of religion was central to the development of some colonies, while in other colonies such freedom was denied. Some colonies believed in religious freedom while others did not. d. Contrary to popular belief, all of the colonies had some form of religious freedom. There is no best location as long as the thesis is clear. 5. Which of the following would be the   thesis statement for an essay on this question? a. â€Å"Belief in the freedom of religion was central to the development of some colonies, while in other colonies such freedom was denied. † b. The following colonies had religious freedom: Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Maryland and New York; the following colonies did not have religious freedom: Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia. . While colonies such as Massachusetts and Connecticut for the most part did not grant settlers religious freedom, other colonies like Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and New York developed in large part as a result of their promotion of this value. d. Settlers like the Puritans came to the American colonies in hopes of attaining some level of religio us freedom. 6. Which of the following would be the BEST topic sentence for a paragraph in an essay on this question? Rhode Island was one colony that was founded on the principle of religious freedom. b. The Puritans left England to escape religious persecution. c. Religious freedom was central to the development of several colonies, including Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Maryland. d. Many people in the colonies believed in the idea of religious freedom. 8. All of the following would be acceptable topic sentences for a paragraph in an essay on this question EXCEPT a. On the surface, many colonies seemed to be founded on the basis of religious freedom. . The denial of religious freedom was central to the development of some colonies, like Massachusetts and Connecticut. c. Religious freedom is an important idea that must be understood. All of the following details could be used to reject an argument that religious freedom was important to the development of the colonies. Thomas Hookerd. he Quakers 11. Which of the following is the BEST description of the primary purpose of a topic sentence? a. to inform the reader of the most important argument to be made in the body paragraph b. to interest the reader in the topic being discussed c. to introduce an interesting fact that will be discussed in the paragraph d. to provide a transition sentence that links the paragraph to the preceding paragraph 12. A body paragraph should include all of the following EXCEPT a. a topic sentence b. details and examples to support the topic sentence . explanation of how details and examples illustrate argument made in topic sentence d. as many facts and details as possible 13. Which of the following is the BEST arrangement within a body paragraph?

buy custom Dante’s Inferno Dissemination essay

buy custom Dante’s Inferno Dissemination essay The character of Capaneus helps us to understand the psychology of the sinners in hell clearly. His sin is seen through his failure to change his attitude. He says that what he was in life he his in death. What this means is that there is an attitude of defiance in his character, which plunges him into hell. So long as he remains unrepentant, the there is nothing that can change for him. To enjoy good life, one must repent and avoid doing wrong. As long as one is not willing to change, then there is no reprieve except eternal condemnation. We understand that no people in hell were willing to change and can never change no matter how much time they are given on earth. In Inferno 19, Dante faces the Third Pouch where the sin of Simoniacs is punished. This is where those who sold ecclesiastical pardon are dealt with. The Papacy, both as a religious and political figure, ends is in this pouch. For one to receive forgiveness, one is not required to pay anything since even Peter did not pay Christ to receive the keys of heaven and earth. Therefore, a just God as is explained in Inferno 19: 10-12, executes their punishment. The devil used logic to put Guido da Montefeltro into hell. Guido expected that he would get pardon through lies. However, this landed him into hell. Initially, Da Montefeltro was reluctant on the advice he was given by Boniface to conquer Palestrina. The devil used Boniface to convince him by promising him absolution in advance. The devil used logic to convince him, however, the advice he was given proved to be wrong. Later after his death, St Francis was after him but was intercepted by the devil. The devil argued that a man cannot receive absolution before engaging in sin, since absolution cannot be followed by repentance and repentance cannot be followed by sin. Therefore, the devil regarded himself as a logician, took Da Montefeltro to Minos where he was deemed to be guilty of fraudulent advice. He was later assigned to the Eight Pouch of the Eighth Circle of hell 27: 1-30. Buy custom Dante’s Inferno Dissemination essay

(need to be determined) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(need to be determined) - Essay Example The running across the court as well as the jumping, shooting the ball and other activities involved in playing basketball are actually cardiovascular exercise. The most offensive play is basketball is triangle offense. It is an offense that would come from three directions which are from the front zone of the defenders and the two sides. This is the most effective play in basketball because the offense comes from many directions and not only from one side making the offense unpredictable and hard to defend (The Coach Clipboard a, nd). The other situation would be in the tie breaker play especially in the few seconds when the score is tied. The strongest offense player will be field in where the other team would not know who to defend and in the process break their defense. The other team’s defense will be spread thinly creating an opportunity to attack the weakness in their defense. The zone defense is more effective than man-to-man defense because it involves team effort that could cover more grounds in the court. It also enable other bigger player to help in defending stronger players (The Coach Clipboard b, nd). The specific situation where zone defense is effective is when the other team uses triangle offense where their offense could come in three direction. The other situation would be after a time out called by the other team to make a play. Zone defense has a greater probability of defending against a play because it covers more

SpotifyTM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SpotifyTM - Essay Example Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Discussion 5 Overview of the Online Music Industry 5 Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis 6 VRIN Analysis 7 Analyzing Spotify’s Strategies 8 Information Technology in Spotify 9 Conclusion 10 References 12 Introduction Spotify is a Swedish company involved in providing music streaming services. The streaming content provided by the company is availed from a number of independent and major record labels (Gilmour, 2011). Some of the major content providers of the company include Warner Music Group, Universal, EMI and Sony. Spotify was founded in the year 2006 and is currently headquartered in London,  United Kingdom. The company however started to provide music streaming services from the year 2008. Within two years of its operation, the total membership of the company reached 10 million and between them around 2.5 million were paid members. According to latest reports, as of 2012 the total paid membership of the company reached more than 5 million (Barker, 2012). ... Recently, the company expanded its wings to countries such as Australia, Sweden, Faroe Islands, Belgium, Liechtenstein, Portugal, Denmark, Austria, Finland, France, New Zealand, Germany, Poland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Andorra, the Netherlands, Monaco, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. This report will evaluate the strategies of the company with the help of several strategic frameworks. In addition, the report will also shed light on the strategic role played by information technology towards the progress of the company. However, the report will mainly emphasize on how the company is using information systems to support their business strategy. The report will begin by providing a brief overview of the digital music industry. Discussion Overview of the Online Music Industry The digital music industry can be broadly classified into two segments: the digital download market and streaming market. The digital music industry is one of the new business segments and is growing at a rapid pace. According to reports, in 2012 the revenue of this industry witnessed a growth of 8 % from 2011 and is presently valued at $5.2 billion (Thomes, 2011). However most of the revenue is generated by digital download business and the streaming market contributes only 10 % of the total revenue. Interestingly, the growth rate of the streaming market is more. Companies belonging to this industry, principally differentiate themselves on the basis of regions of operation, licensed music libraries, features, and also the packaging. Apart from that, companies are also offering several value added services which allow the users to know what their friends

Technological advances in criminal identification procedures Essay

Technological advances in criminal identification procedures - Essay Example DNA analysis is more specific, as each set of nucleic acid in each person is unique. In addition, as DNA from one person's body cell is identical in each cell in the body of that person, a cell sample can be obtained from any part of that person's body. Thus, persons can be identified by referring to a DNA database which compares and matches a person's genetic information other person's DNA profile found in that database (Gans and Urbas, 2002). DNA analysis still provides limited amounts of information about a person's characteristics though it is believed that in the near future, researches may come up with a better method of DNA analysis (National Institute of Justice 2000, pp. 18-19; van Oorschot et al. 2001). At present, the use of DNA analysis in the judicial system involves comparison of DNA from two origins, for example comparing DNA that came from the location of the crime and that from a criminal (Gans and Urbas, 2002). Biometrics is the identification method that identifies persons based on their behavior and psychological profile. Often, this method is preferred than others because a person must be present at the identification point at the instance of verification and it eliminates the need for the memorization of passwords and PIN numbers. Biometric profiles increases the level of security by restricting access to that particular person only and can be potentially used in the protection of certain valuables such as ATM cards, cell phones, PCs etc. It has many uses such as for criminology and forensics, but it may have several civilian uses as well in the near future (Ross et al, n.d.). Aside from not having to memorize keywords or PIN, biometric identification is very accurate and secure, can be done easily and quickly and no documents or paraphernalia is needed to use it ("Biometric identification - advantages", n.d.). Intra-agency databases for DNA Intra-agency databases for DNA are actually a collection of DNA records that can be easily accessed by different law enforcement agencies. This will speed up the identification of criminals and solving cases. Law enforcement and other government agencies have been left behind by other sectors in having efficient database systems. This is due to their dependency on public funds, which is often insufficient and/or hastily planned. This lack of a proper criminal identification system slows down or hinders the judicial process. Criminals are aware of this lack of identification system and thus put them at and advantage over the authorities (Schroeder et al, n.d.). FingerprintAn Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) analyses, compares and then matches an individual's set of fingerprints against a fingerprint database. This system has various uses including criminal, civilian, electoral, academic purposes etc ("Automated Fingerprint Identification System", 2006). It is recommended that fingerprint matching be done in two stages namely: "pattern- type combination search" and "minutiae matching".

Personality And Employee Behaviour

Personality And Employee Behaviour The author through this essay would be elaborating on the relationship between the personality of an individual with that of the various factors which determine the employee behaviour in an organizational setting. For this purpose the essay first talks about both organizational behaviour and personality in brief and moves onto discussing the various theories relating to personality (Big Five Factor Model and Myers Briggers Type Indicator) along with the criticism that they have undergone over the years. The author would then be linking various employee behaviour with that of the personality of an individual and based on the research done by various authors and in the end would be presenting managerial implications which would be beneficial for the well-being of an organization. Keywords: Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Personality, Big Five Factor Model, Myers Briggs Type Indicator, job attitude, job motivation. Introduction In the span of the last two decades, organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) has been the foremost topic researchers have studied (Allen and Rush, 1998; MacKenzie, Podsakoff, and Fetter, 1991; Organ, 1997). Many researchers have pursued the study of OCBs on the notion that OCBs helps boost organizational effectiveness (Organ, D. 1988; Podsakoff and Mackenzie, 1994, 1997; Walz and Niehoff, 1996). This notion was a clear part of Organs (1988) definition of OCB. According to Organ, D. (1988) Organizational Citizenship Behaviour was defined as, Individual behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system and that in the aggregate promotes effective functioning of the organization. Singh, A. and Singh, A., (2009). Does Personality Predict Organisational Citizenship Behaviour among Managerial Personnel. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 291-298. An examination of past studies has identified organizational citizenship behaviour as a significant aspect of job performance (Motowidlo and Van Scotter, 1994; Motowidlo, Borman, and Van Scotter, 1997). It discusses behaviours that pro ­mote the changing nature of the organizational and social network and psycho ­logical climate that surrounds the technical tasks (Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., 2010). These behaviours encompass help and cooperation with others and persistent enthusiasm. Organiza ­tional citizenship behaviour could be split into two parts namely, job dedication and interpersonal facilitation (Van Scotter and Motowidlo, 1996). Job dedication includes conforming, disciplining, and motivating behaviours that promote the organizations best interest. Interpersonal facili ­tation refers to a series of interpersonal behaviours to help maintain the or ­ganizations interpersonal environment, such as inclined to help co-workers/participation in teamwork and cooperation. (Van Scotter and Motowidlo, 1996) (Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., (2010). From proactive personality to organizational citizenship behaviour: Mediating role of Harmony. Psychological Reports, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 755-765) The five-factor model of personality (FFM) or big five has led research in the field of personality in the past two decades, and has provided a significant degree of convergence in the trait factor analytic psychology (Robertson and Callinan, 1998). The five factors categorised as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Costa and McCrae, 1992). Clear measurement frameworks have been provided by these factors to personality psychology and are responsible for the revival of interest in personality in organizational psychology (Singh, A. and Singh, A., 2009). In the early 1990s, new prospects for research in the field of Organiza ­tional citizenship behaviour were brought about by the emergence of Big-Five in the field of personality. Researchers and practicing managers can gain the most valuable explanation of organizational citizenship behaviours through an employees individual disposition (Organ, D. 1990). Through their work, researchers have investigated the predisposition and Organiza ­tional citizenship behaviour relationship (Organ, 1990; Organ, 1994). Singh, A. and Singh, A., (2009). Does Personality Predict Organisational Citizenship Behaviour among Managerial Personnel. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 291-298. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Organ (1988, p. 4) defined OCB as the individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization. By discretionary, Organ (1988, p. 4) described OCB as the type of behavior that is not a part of the job description, but rather a matter of personal choice, such that its omission is not generally understood as punishable. Most of the studies examining the structure of OCB have agreed that it is a multidimensional concept (e.g. Graham1989; Moorman and Blakely, 1995; Organ, 1988; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman, and Fetter, 1990). Graham (1989), for example, proposed a four-dimension model of OCB consisting of: interpersonal helping, individual initiative, personal industry, and loyal boosterism. Interpersonal helping involves helping co-workers in their jobs when such help is needed. Individual initiative is communicating to others in the work place to improve individual and group performance. Personal industry includes the performance of specific tasks above and beyond the call of duty. Finally, loyal boosterism involves the promotion of the organizational image to outsiders (Moorman and Blakely, 1995). (Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., (2010). From proactive personality to organizational citizenship behaviour: Mediating role of Harmony. Psychological Reports, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 755-765) Proactive Personality and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour In recent years proactive personality has captured the attention of researchers among personality predictors of organizational citizenship behaviour. The notion of proactive personality as a stable disposition was introduced after the proactive components of organizational behaviour were explored (Bateman, T. and Crant, J., 1993). The belief of being able to create and change the environment and actually taking an initiative in doing so, is a characteristic people bearing strong proactive personalities have. By negotiating selecting, improvising, ma ­nipulating, and evoking the environment, proactive individ ­uals are able to influence their environments (Buss, D., 1987 as cited by Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., 2010). Proactive personality and organizational citizenship behaviour are closely related to each other. As cited by Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., (2010) this relationship was tested by Crant, J. (1995) with a sample of real estate salespersons. When work social desirability, experience, and factors of personality like extraversion and conscientiousness were controlled, an additional 8% variance in job perfor ­mance was accounted for, due to proactive personality. Hierarchical regression results in the same research indicated that proactive personality accounted for more variance than Big Five personality factors. Therefore, it was suggested that this personality variable had the strongest positive predictive value for job performance, especially organizational citizenship behaviour (Thompson, 2005). (Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., (2010). From proactive personality to organizational citizenship behaviour: Mediating role of Harmony. Psychological Reports, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 755-765) Contexts as Moderators in Organizational Behaviour Research The concept of proactive personality was proposed Bateman, T. and Crant, J. (1993). During their research observed that the predictive value of proactive person ­ality might differ in weak and strong contexts. Johns, G. (2006, p. 387) defined contexts as, Situations [that] vary in their capacity to abet or constrain human agency. The expression of individual differences tends to get constrained due to perceived strong situations with obvious norms and rigid roles. For the expression of such differences, weak situations permit more opportunity or latitude. Social structure is a classification of discrete context, in which behaviour may be influenced directly by specific situational variables or it may moderate relationships between variables. While western cultural contexts are more similar to weak contexts, Asian cultures may represent strong contexts (Mowday and Sutton, 1993 as cited by Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., 2010). The predictive value of proac ­tive personality for organizational citizenship behavior might be stron ­ger, under weak contexts, (Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., 2010). For example, a review of some studies showed that (Shang, J. and Gan, Y. (2009) and Chan, D. (2006) consisted samples from Asian cultures, a type of strong context while on the other hand, western studies show that their samples mostly worked in the sales industry, a typically weak context. Thus the general association of proactive personality and behaviour may not be sig ­nificant, in this context. Thus, in such cases moderators or a context have significant prominence. Although proactive personality is superficially encouraged in organizations, human resources practitioners note the other side of the coin: proactivity refers to neglecting or violating rules and disciplines and implies the intention to change the current environment. Thus, a new idea being put into practice or proposed may threaten or pose a disturban ce to an organization (Jiang, L., 2007 as cited by Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., 2010). He further claimed that employees confor ­mity and altruism is the bridge from proactivity to organizational citizenship behaviour. In the event of this idea being translated into a research hypothesis, it would be theorized that personality traits moderate the relation of proactive personality and organizational citizenship behaviour. (Gan, Y. and Cheung, F., (2010). From proactive personality to organizational citizenship behaviour: Mediating role of Harmony. Psychological Reports, Vol. 106, No. 3, pp. 755-765) The Big Five Personality Model Personality has been examined from a variety of theoretical perspective and in the past researchers in the field of personality assessment had to face a wide array of scales with little guidance. One staring place for a shared taxonomy is the natural language of personality description. This work began with the extraction of all personality relevant from the dictionary and guiding them with lexical hypothesis. After such extractions took place in various languages Allport and Odbert (1936) (as cited in Pervin, L., and John, O., 1999, pp. 103) conducted a seminal lexical study of the personality relevant terms in English that could be used to distinguish the behaviour of one person from the other. Using both semantic and empirical clustering procedures as well as his own reviews of the personological literature available at that time, Citadell reduced the 4500 traits to a mere 35 variables. What personality psychology needed was a descriptive model or taxonomy which would permit researchers to study specified areas rather than examining various domains of personality. After decades of research the field approached consensus on a general taxonomy of personality traits, the Big Five personality dimensions. (Pervin, L., and John, O., 1999). These factors are typically labelled as: Extraversion or Surgency (talkative, assertive, energetic) Agreeableness (good natured, cooperative, trustful) Conscientiousness (orderly, responsible, dependable) Emotional Stability versus Neuroticism (calm, not neurotic, not easily upset) Intellect or Openness (intellectual, imaginative, independent-minded) The Big Five personality model provided a starting point for vigorous research in-order to explicate the taxonomy in various dimensions. Hofstee, Kliers, Raad, Golberg, and Ostendorf (1997) compared the big five factor structures of personality traits across various languages and found out that the Big Five factors recur across languages in a relative but not in a strict sense. Trull and Geary (1997) also compared the Big Five structure across American and Chinese samples and found that the scores of the construct were not significantly different which is in line with the research of Yik and Bond (1993). Borkenau and Ostendorf (1998) found out that five factor model ignores the strength of individual behaviour and is not wedded to the trait approach. Saucier and Goldberg (1998) suggested that future research needs to be done to supplement the Big Five to extend variable selection outside those personality traits which have been conventionally defined and opened a new dimension for future research. Digman (1997) found two higher order factors in the Big Five which he termed as alpha and beta linking alpha with socialization and beta with personal growth while DeYoung (2006) termed these as stability (alpha) and Plasticity (beta). Critics have argued that the Big Five does not provide a complete theory of personality. The Big Five was never intended as a comprehensive personality theory and was developed to account for structural relations among personality traits. Thus like most structural models it provides an account of personality that is primarily descriptive rather than explanatory (Pervin, L., and John, O., 1999). McAdams (1992) highlighted six important limitations of FFM and stated that it can only be viewed as one important model in personality but not the integrative model of personality. The use of factor analysis as a methodology has also come under the scanner and has been found that findings through this methodology have been less than adequate as statistical procedures are mechanical truth generators while psychological results require a psychological interpretation (Block, 1995). A frequent objection has also been that five dimensions cannot possibly capture all of the variations in human personality owing to which Rushton and Irwing (2008) found that General Factor Personality (GFP) occupies the apex of the hierarchical structure of personality followed by Big Two factors of Alpha (Emotional Stability, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness) and Beta (Extraversion, Openness) with the Big Five at the third level. In order to make FFM an integrative personality Denissen and Penke (2008) conceptualized the Five Factor Model as stable individual differences in peoples motivational reactions to circumscribed classes of environmental stimuli resulting in a theoretical framework which would bridge the traditional divide between structure and process oriented approaches in-order for FFM to truly become a scientific model of personality. Thus research in diverse areas such as behaviour genetics, molecular genetics, personality stability change and accuracy and bias in interpersonal perception will be instrumental in building and refining a comprehensive theoretical account of the Big Five (Pervin, L., and John, O., 1999). Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) The MBTI is based on the theories of psychologist Carl Jung and helps in measuring an individuals personality preferences over four dimensions and is often used by psychologists in career counselling and group dynamics analysis (Ludford and Terveen, 2003) The four dimensions are outlined as follows (Robbins, S., Judge, T. and Sanghi, S., 2009): Extraversion / Introversion: Extrovert individuals are outgoing, sociable and assertive while introverts are quiet and shy Sensing / Intuition: Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order while intuitive rely on unconscious processes. Thinking / Feeling: Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems whereas feelings rely on their personal values and emotions. Judging / Perceiving: Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured while perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous. These classifications together describe 16 personality types. The MBTI is widely practiced by organizations including Apple Computers, ATT, Citigroup, GE, Tata Motors and many hospitals and educational institutions and even defence services (Robbins, S., Judge, T. and Sanghi, S., 2009). MBTI is a tool that can be used to achieve effective communication with other people by knowing their preferences and then communicate in a way they understand. In spite of the popularity of MBTI as a personality assessment model, it has had its share of criticism. MBTI based on Jungians model does not offer any scientific, experimental proof to support the existence, sequence, orientation or manifestation of these functions. As the accuracy of the MBTI depends on honesty of the person being tested and MBTI not using any scale to assess the exaggerated or socially desirable responses is susceptible to fake responses (Furnham, A., 1990). It is also criticised for forcing a person into either one type o r another with no in between types available. The best that can be said is that MBTI can be a valuable tool for increasing self-awareness and providing career guidance but as results are unrelated to job performance managers shouldnt use it as a selection test for job candidates (Robbins, S., Judge, T. and Sanghi, S., 2009). Linking Personality with Determinants of Employee Behaviour The author would now elaborate on the research that has been done on personality and how it affects the employee behaviour in an organization. Personality forms the most important factor in an individuals behaviour and is complex to understand individuals as a whole. Individuals should be considered as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾closed boxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ and in-order to benefit from humans in an efficient and productive way, human resource managers should try to understand the personalities of their employees (Aksu et. al., 2009). In an organization when self-managed work groups are formed the most important question that is asked is on what basis should employees be selected, Thoms, P., Moore, K. and Scott, K., (1996) found that traits like Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were significantly related to self-efficacy for participating in self-managed work groups. By examining the link of Big Five personality traits with the ability to show self-control moderated the anger-aggression link it was found that conscientiousness was negatively related with anger and moderated the link between anger and aggression whereas agreeableness was positively related with anger only when the levels of Conscientiousness was low. (Campbell, et. al. 2007) and different people of personality traits showed different types of interpersonal stress coping responses. In extreme cases where these conflicts result to loneliness it has been found that loneliness is negatively impacted by Extraversion and Agreeableness while high levels of Neuroticism can lead to loneliness (Atak, H., 2009). Transformational leadership in an organization has the potential of motivating the employees and establishing high rates of job performance and it has been found that leaders associated a transformational leadership with being extraverted, intuitive and perceiving preferences while subordinates associate rate sensing preference with transformational leadership (Hautala, T., 2006). During new product development (NPD) in an organization it has been found that leader openness has a significant direct as well as indirect influence on NPD project performance through teamwork under high uncertainty but not under low uncertainty conditions. In-order for an organization to achieve success it is very critical to have motivated employees and when the link of personality and motivation was analysed it was found that extraverts reported to being attracted to Herzberg motivation factors in workplace and neuroticism rated importance of hygiene factors (Furnham, A., Forde, L. and Ferrari, K., 1999 ). Job performance is an important criterion for an organizational setup and organizations have always been on the lookout for measures which can enhance the job performance of its employees. Barrick, M. and Mount, M. (1991) which was the most cited article of 1990s, investigated the relationship between big five personality dimensions with job performance criteria for various occupational groups and also stated that the framework can be extended to various subfields of personnel psychology such as personnel selection, performance appraisal and training and development. Wang, M. and Erdheim, J. (2007) stated that extraversion was significantly related to learning goal orientation and proving goal orientation while Neuroticism was marginally related to proving goal orientation and significantly related to avoiding goal orientation. Their results further confirm that personality has a significant impact on performance motivation (Barrick, M. and Mount, M., 1991) and clarify the personality performance relation. Sawyerr, O., Srinivas, S. and Wang, S. (2009) in the service context found that there is a negative relationship between openness to new experience and service performance leading to lower ratings by their supervisors, with no other personality variable having a significant relationship with service performance. They also stated that Conscientiousness and internal LOC were negatively associated and agreeableness and emotional stability were positively related with absenteeism. They also found a positive association between internal LOC as well as openness to new experience to turnover and a negative association with emotional stability and intent to turnover. Along with the personality and job performance relationship another relationship which holds a lot of importance for the organizations is the personality-job attitude relationship. Burnett, M., Williamson, I. and Bartol, K. (2009) established that conscientiousness and extraversion can be an important moderator of the interactive effect of procedural fairness and outcome favourability on job attitude. Bernard, N., Dollinger S. and Ramaniah, N. (2002) stated that the imposter phenomenon was related to people with high Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness in an organization. Erdheim, J., Wang, M. and Zickar, M. (2006) explored the linkages between the personality factors and organizational commitment and stated that Extraversion was significantly related to affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment; neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience were all significantly related to continuance commitment and agreeableness was significantly related to normative commitment. It has also been found that and Over-commitment and depressive symptoms were associated with high levels of neuroticism and effort reward imbalance (Vearing, A. and Mak, A., 2007). Personality of an individual also relates to the tendency of choosing a certain career strategy and has been found that more extroverted individuals utilized a host of career management strategies than their more introverted intended counterparts and also found that conflict frequency is negatively related to individual well-being especially when individuals are low in agreeableness, extraversion or emotional stability. Thus we see that personality has been a hot topic for research amongst the researchers and there has been an extensive study on how personality affects an employees behaviour in an organizational setting but due to the word limit as well as accessibility constraint the author would have not been able to include all the factors which are affected by personality. Managerial Implications On the basis of the theoretical framework stated above, the author would like to suggest various strategies which followed in-order can be adopted and applied in organizations to overcome the negative implications of personality on the various factors of employee behaviour in an organizational context. Traits of a particular culture should be looked at as advantages by managers especially in the hospitality industry and they should tap this potential in an appropriate manner to gain a competitive edge. Organizations can achieve this goal by aligning their actions with the selection of appropriate people, compliant with company image, tourism sector realities, and customer needs and expectations and in turn benefit from the personality test. (Aksu, et. al., 2009) In advance of the decision whether to have self-managed work groups, organizations should focus on the personality of individuals before selecting candidates to work on this type of structure. (Thoms, P., Moore, K. and Scott, K., 1996). Managers need to be very critical while providing a negative feedback as people with lower conscientiousness would not be able to regulate their anger and choose to aversive drink choice and people with higher agreeableness may be more sensitive to destructive interpersonal tactics and express more anger but would be able to control that anger and choose to more socially acceptable responses (Campbell, et. al. 2007). Managers should be vigilant and identify neuroticism at early stage among employees and help people refrain from entering a lonely state and thus saving them from taking a drastic step. (Atak, H., 2009). Among organizations with differences in the work related factors in which different people seek out and value them, it would be very helpful to pay attention to trait variables in selection to ensure better person environment fit. An apt way for organizations to deal with different groups of people is employing diverse performance schemes for them. To achieve the highest level of performance from individuals, motivators must encourage the extrovert with potential rewards and prompt the introvert with judicial use of punitive threat (Furnham, A., Forde, L. and Ferrari, K., 1999). By implementing the process of assessing leaders from the self-rating as well as subordinates perspective, it would help enhance the mutual understanding of a leader-subordinate relationship which would also assist the leaders to be realistic when rating themselves, thus benefiting organisations. (Hautala, T., 2006). Organizations by examining the relationship between personality with service performance, absenteeism and turnover would be able to develop recruitment and selection strategies, work redesign programs and training that would ultimately benefit the organization by reducing employee costs and enhancing their wellbeing (Sawyerr, O., Srinivas, S. and Wang, S., 2009). Traits like extraversion and neuroticism are the strongest predictors of goal orientation. Rather than focusing on choosing only conscientiousness, organizations should employ selection methods that measure these traits too. In order to induce work motivation and attain high levels of goal orientation, organizations should focus on post entry work experiences and should also adopt selection procedures based on personality measures (Wang, M. and Erdheim, J., 2007). Organizations can greatly reduce the turnover rate of employees and improve the working conditions by linking what the employees are looking forward to in an organization (Burnett, M., Williamson, I. and Bartol, K., 2009) In an organisation, as managers have the onus of identifying imposter phenomenon in the employees, it is important for them to identify such traits in the earlier stages. By focusing on depression and anxiety problems with employees and also working on their lack of self-discipline, managers should assist employees providing them the right kind of treatment (Bernard, N., Dollinger S. and Ramaniah, N., 2002) Organizations can effectively deal with employees experiencing elevated risk for being depressed by providing stress prevention and management programs, by investing in increasing supervisor and co-worker support, by using social activities to increase co-worker support and should also focus on decreasing extrinsic efforts and increasing rewards (Vearing, A. and Mak, A., 2007). Conclusion It is evident from the above discussion that progress has been made in the field of personality psychology in terms of advancement of research methodologies and techniques of data analysis as well as in awareness of the range of variables that need to be considered to understand complex personality functioning. Over the years, research in the field of personality has evolved and an increasing number of researchers in an effort to generalize and increase the practical applicability of these personality theories are challenging the past theories. With the advent of globalisation and organizations interacting with culturally diverse populace, the traditional approaches which were used by organizations to manage any problem are out-dated in todays dynamic work culture. It is thus necessary for organizations to recognise the fact that in-order to keep abreast with competition and achieve customer satisfaction; their primary objectives should encompass gratifying their employees and this journey begins with the interpretation of their personalities and using in an ethical way for the betterment of the organization. With a vast amount of research being undertaken on personality and wide range of variables being interpreted to understand the complexities of the personality domain, it is obligatory on the part of organizations to keep themselves updated so as to facilitate their employees to serve customers better. Thus organizations need to place high level of importance on understanding the personality of its employees as personality impacts variables such as employee behaviour, job performance, job attitude, motivation etc. which are the vital functions from an organizational perspective and all these variables directly or indirectly affect the bottom-line of the organization.

Self-Discovery in Shakespeares King Lear :: King Lear essays

Self-Discovery in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Halfway down   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Methinks he seems no bigger than his head:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fisherman that walk along the beach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appear like mice.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although this quote from Shakespeare's King Lear is made by Poor Tom to his unknowing father Gloucester about the terrain far below them, it accurately summarizes the plight of the mad king.   Lear is out of touch with his surroundings, riding high upon the wave of power associated with the monarchy: even those closest to him are out of   reach, viewed with a distorted lens.   It is through this lens of madness that Lear views his friends and family, and thus he is stripped of everything before he can realize the folly of his judgment. Reduced to a simple man, Lear is forced to learn the lessons that God's anointed is already supposed to know. This is the purpose of the secondary characters of King Lear; they serve to show the many complex facets of Lear's complex personality, as they force him to finally get in touch with his self-conscious.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For example, the Fool, oddly enough, acts as the voice of reason for the out-of -touch King.   He views events critically and thus seems to foreshadow situations that an ignorant Lear is completely oblivious to. This is evident in act 1, scene 1, when a prodding Fool asks the king if he knows the difference between a bitter fool and a sweet fool.   When Lear admits that he does not, the Fool attempts to lay it all out in front of   him:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That lord which councelled thee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To give away thy land,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Come place him here by me;   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do thou for him stand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sweet and bitter fool   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Will presently appear;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The one in motley here,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other found out there.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Fool attempts to show the king the folly of his ways. He is essentially calling Lear a bitter fool, insinuating that his foolishness will be the cause of such bitterness. This comment is taken lightly, but only because the Fool is a satire of the king himself, and thus is the only one allowed to criticize him. Lear has a preconceived notion that he will be able to give up all of his land and his throne, and yet still somehow hold on to the power that he is so accustomed to.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alas, the king does not listen.   He continues to believe he still has the power that he has long since conceded. He does not believe that by deviding the

Hip Replacement

BSN-3B1 Critical Thinking Exercise Nursing Management of the Client with Total Hip Replacement Situation: A 72-year-old male client is being discharged home from the hospital following hip replacement surgery. In addition to the prevention of other complications, the staff has made every effort to prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: the two most common causes of postoperative mortality in older clients. Prior to discharge, the nurse gives the client a list of instructions for positioning, sitting, and ambulating at home.The client is also instructed to use a walker or crutches until weight bearing is safe, and to employ adaptive devices for everyday activities. Finally, the client is advised to watch for any signs of hip prosthesis loosening or dislocation, and to call the surgeon immediately if such signs occur. 1. What are the signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism? Deep Vein Thrombosis * Swelling of the leg or along a vein in the leg * P ain or tenderness in the leg, which you may feel only when standing or walking * Increased warmth in the area of the leg that's swollen or painful * Red or discolored skin on the legPulmonary Embolism * Unexplained sudden onset of shortness of breath * Chest pain or discomfort that worsens when you take a deep breath or when you cough * Feeling lightheaded or dizzy, or fainting * Rapid pulse * Sweating * Coughing up blood * A sense of anxiety or nervousness 2. What types of adaptive equipment is available for clients who have undergone hip replacement surgery? Adaptive equipment to help in daily activities: * Reaching – use a reacher in getting items from cabinets or off the floor. Do not bend over to pick up something from the floor. Dressing – since you are not to bend past 90 degrees, use adaptive devices to be as independent as you can when dressing. -Wear slip-on shoes or use elastic shoelaces so you will not have to bend over to tie your shoes. -A long-handled sh oe horn will help you put shoes on or take stockings and socks off. -A dressing stick may be used to put on pants. * Use the hook to catch the waist of underwear or pants. * Place your operative leg first in the pants when dressing, and take it outlast when undressing. * Pull the slacks up over your knees. * Stand with the walker in front of you and pull your slacks up. Socks and Stockings – a stocking aid will make it easier to put on socks or stockings. Elastic stockings may be ordered for you. * Slide the sock or stocking onto the stocking aid. Be sure the heel is at the back of the plastic and the toe is tight against the end. * Secure the sock in place with the notches on the plastic piece. Do not pull the top of the sock over the top of the plastic piece. * Holding onto the cords, drop the stocking aid out in front of the operated foot. * Slip your foot into the sock and pull it on. * Release the sock from the notches on the plastic piece using your dressing stick or re acher. To take the stocking or sock off, use the hook on the dressing stick or reacher to hook the back of the heel and push the sock off your foot. * Using the Bathroom * A raised toilet seat may be helpful to you at home. It will keep you from bending too far when sitting or standing. The higher seat also makes it easier to stand up from the toilet. * Clean yourself after toileting as you are used to, just be careful not to bend too far forward or twist too much at the hip. * Bathing – unless you have a walk-in shower, you will have to learn a new method for getting in and out of the bathtub.Do not sit down into the tub for 6 to 12 weeks. * If possible, have someone help you the first time you bathe at home. * You may sponge bathe until you are comfortable or have help to shower. * If you have a walk-in shower, you may stand and shower as long as you feel steady and balanced. * If you have a tub shower and need to sit to bathe, you will need a shower bench. Make sure the sh ower bench is placed firmly in the tub. Have someone adjust the height of the shower bench so it is as tall as it can be to allow you to rest your feet comfortably on the floor of the tub when you are sitting. Have someone put non-skid strips or pads in your bathtub for safety. * Have a secure place to put your soap to avoid dropping it. Try soap on a rope or a deep soap dish. These items are sold at many department stores. * Use a long-handled sponge or bath brush to reach your lower legs and feet without bending more than 90 degrees at your hips. * A portable shower hose may be helpful. * Turn on cold water first to avoid burning yourself. * Getting In and Out of Bed * You will get in and out of bed on the same side as you had surgery. A hospital bed may be needed at home. Your physical therapist, nurse and case manager will talk withyou about this if needed. * Some people find it helpful to wear pajamas made of silky materials to help them slide more easily on the sheets. * You w ill need someone to carry youroperative leg as you use your arms and non-operative leg to scoot yourself in and out of bed. * Sitting – use a hip cushion to help you sit safely and not break your hip precautions. The cushion adds height to help keep your knees lower than your operative hip when you are sitting.It also may make it easier for you to stand up. If you are not sure about the height of a chair, put your cushion on it to be safe. * Getting Into a Car – it is important to know how to get into the car in a safe manner. It is better for you to ride in a mid-size or large car with regular bench seats rather than bucket seats. Use a thick pillow or cushion. On a long trip, be sure to make frequent rest stops, about every 30 minutes. Get out and shift your weight from one leg to the other or walk around. The best choice after a total hip replacement is to ride in the back seat . What are the signs of prosthetic hip dislocation and how can this problem be prevented? * Hip Pain * Uneven Leg Lengths * Numbness Acute phase complications -sciatic nerve damage -inability to perform closed reduction – recurring dislocation Recovery phase complications -avascular necrosis -arthritis, chondrolysis -myositis ossificans Precautions: -Do not cross your legs at the knees. -Do not twist at the hip. -Do not bend your hip past 90 degrees. (This means you are not to bend over at your waist or lift your knee higher than your hip if you are sitting)

Free Essays on You Are What You Eat

The Rituals of Fast Food In a world where technology advances exponentially and the old-fashioned way of life decreases day by day, even food is treated as mass produced merchandise aimed to serve  ¡Ã‚ °billions and billions ¡Ã‚ ± daily. In taverns, diners and restaurants, people used to sit down, have a conversation while waiting for the food to be served, and take their time with their food. Now, it seems as if no one has time to eat or even bothers to make any time to eat, and from sitting and dining at the usual restaurant, everything has changed to being  ¡Ã‚ °carry-out, ¡Ã‚ ±  ¡Ã‚ °delivery, ¡Ã‚ ± or  ¡Ã‚ °on the go. ¡Ã‚ ± The phrase,  ¡Ã‚ °You are what you eat, ¡Ã‚ ± is very true; Fast food restaurants are reflections of the fast-paced lifestyles people are living in the present time. There is nothing wrong with corporations of fast food chains itself, they only provide what the consumers in general want. What do the consumers want? As Ms. Margaret Visser writes,  ¡Ã‚ °the safely predictable, the convenient, the fast and ordinary. ¡Ã‚ ± She suggests that people who are on the road, or in a hurry do not want to deal with the hassle of worrying if a meal will taste the same or different. Why wait an eternity for food to be made when they can get a meal they know will satisfy them less than a third of the time than that of a restaurant meal? Only a fast food restaurant can produce meals with such precision and deliver it to a customer base so large. People know what they are getting when they go to a fast food restaurant, and they get what they want every time. Familiarity is key in the restaurant business. Sports bars fill their walls with hockey jerseys, and other sports paraphernalia, most of the time jerseys of local teams. Restaurants cover walls with a set theme of some sort, whether it be a rain forest, Asian art, or familiar American icons. The reason why any restaurant or food establishment has any regular customers is for... Free Essays on You Are What You Eat Free Essays on You Are What You Eat The Rituals of Fast Food In a world where technology advances exponentially and the old-fashioned way of life decreases day by day, even food is treated as mass produced merchandise aimed to serve  ¡Ã‚ °billions and billions ¡Ã‚ ± daily. In taverns, diners and restaurants, people used to sit down, have a conversation while waiting for the food to be served, and take their time with their food. Now, it seems as if no one has time to eat or even bothers to make any time to eat, and from sitting and dining at the usual restaurant, everything has changed to being  ¡Ã‚ °carry-out, ¡Ã‚ ±  ¡Ã‚ °delivery, ¡Ã‚ ± or  ¡Ã‚ °on the go. ¡Ã‚ ± The phrase,  ¡Ã‚ °You are what you eat, ¡Ã‚ ± is very true; Fast food restaurants are reflections of the fast-paced lifestyles people are living in the present time. There is nothing wrong with corporations of fast food chains itself, they only provide what the consumers in general want. What do the consumers want? As Ms. Margaret Visser writes,  ¡Ã‚ °the safely predictable, the convenient, the fast and ordinary. ¡Ã‚ ± She suggests that people who are on the road, or in a hurry do not want to deal with the hassle of worrying if a meal will taste the same or different. Why wait an eternity for food to be made when they can get a meal they know will satisfy them less than a third of the time than that of a restaurant meal? Only a fast food restaurant can produce meals with such precision and deliver it to a customer base so large. People know what they are getting when they go to a fast food restaurant, and they get what they want every time. Familiarity is key in the restaurant business. Sports bars fill their walls with hockey jerseys, and other sports paraphernalia, most of the time jerseys of local teams. Restaurants cover walls with a set theme of some sort, whether it be a rain forest, Asian art, or familiar American icons. The reason why any restaurant or food establishment has any regular customers is for...

Opression of the Constitution essays

Opression of the Constitution essays In the 1800s slavery was the most treacherous degrading and spiteful act ever forced on any human being in the United States. Stripping an individual of equality, education, and freedom because of their skin color is something that America was accustomed to during this time. The idea of educating the slaves was simply un heard of. The everlasting effects of slavery would be embed on blacks, spiritually, psychologically, and politically, but were not taken into consideration. It was not only black slaves brought over from Africa and stripped of their African identity, but also Native Americans, and the women of the very white men that took liberty and justice from blacks and Native Americans. These three different groups of people all shared a part in the oppression of the Constitution, that was supposed to set everyone free. Slaves were not thought of as human beings, but merely animals that perform a task of working hard, and had no feelings what so ever. President Thomas Jefferson wrote a speech addressed to the Administration of Justice called Notes on Virginia. In this speech Jefferson thought that blacks by nature were inferior to whites. He states: They have less hair on the face and body. The secrete less by the kidneys, and more by the glands of the skin which gives them a very strong and disagreeable odor. This greater degree of transpiration, renders them more tolerant of heat, and less so of cold than the whites.(181) This synopsis allows Jefferson to justify the fact that African Americans were to be completely submissive to whites and ultimately become slaves because their bodies were built for slave labor. He also compares slaves to animals when he states, their diversions, and unemployed labor [like]...an animal whose body is at rest, and who does not reflect must be disposed to sleep of course... the circumstance of superior beauty, is thought worthy attention in the preparation o...

Life of Thomas Merton PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Life of Thomas Merton - PowerPoint Presentation Example 1915, January 31, Merton was born at Prades, France to two artists- his father a New Zealander and his mother, an American. 1961 moved to USA to live with mother until she died in 1921 1922 lived in Bermuda with his father 1925 went to school in France where he lived with his father 1928 went to school in England 1931 his father dies 1934 entered Columbia University 1938 graduated from Columbia and received into the Catholic Church 1941 entered the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani, Trappist, Kentucky 1944 published first set of poems, â€Å"Thirty poems† 1946 published first book, â€Å"A man in the divided sea† 1948 published autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain and What are these Wounds? 1949 ordained as priest 1951 Master of Scholastics until 1955 1955 Master of Novices until 1965 1965 lived in solitaire at a shed in the monastery 1968 died on December 10, at Bangkok, Thailand Spiritual Journey: How did he or she develop in their spiritual walk? Did he or she have any unique spiritual habits?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interestingly, Thomas Merton entered the Abbey of Gethsemani  on December 10th, 1941. Thus, he became a monk in one of the strictest Roman Catholic order of monks. In order to deepen his spiritual walk Thomas Merton was known for his desire to remain in solitude and meditate on his heavenly father. Further, he would write endless poems and books about various topics one of which was his spiritual experiences. Merton appeared to have an insatiable appetite for discovering his inner being and obtaining a deeper walk with God thus later in his life he visited Bangkok to discuss the possible integration of Western and Eastern religions. So impressed was the Dali Lama on his encounter with Merton that he expressed his opinion of Merton as the first Christian to ever grasp such a deep understanding of Buddhism. Merton loved to be in solitaire and spent four years of his life in a shed on the monastery. He spent time fasting and p raying as well as meditating. In his ‘New Seeds of Contemplation’ describes contemplation as being ‘visibly touched’ by God who is invisible yet real. Contemplation played a great part in Merton’s life. For Merton contemplation was the essence of one’s life. Contribution to Christian History: What can we learn from this person? What have they written or influenced in the history of Christianity? The Merton Institute suggests that Merton was perhaps the ‘most influential American Catholic author of the twentieth century.’ His autobiography entitled, The Seven Storey Mountain, has been translated in more than twenty-eight languages. Remarkably, Merton was responsible for the teaching of the young monks who came straight from the outside world. Eventually, he became a Master of novice where he was responsible for the socialization and the training of novice monks. The Merton institute states that during this life as a monk he wrote m ore than sixty books and hundreds of poems. Yet in spite of this plethora of writing Jim Forest insists that Merton always maintained that his first duty was to his life as a monk and everything else took second place. Consequently, one can conclude that not only did Thomas Merton contribute to the spiritual dimension of the Roman Catholic monks but also his involvement and thoughts on nonviolence, racial discrimination, and the integration of Western religion with the Roman Catholic Faith influenced the entire world. Merton was criticized by Catholics and non Catholics alike for his outspoken

The industrial development in Japan after World War II Essay

The industrial development in Japan after World War II - Essay Example Japan is said to be the principal trading and technologically manufacturing country of the world. Prior to the world war II Japan was the center of an empire that at times included Taiwan, Korea, Manchuria, much of eastern China, southern Sakhalin Island, and the Marshall and Mariana islands of the southwest Pacific Ocean.After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the new government launched a determined drive to establish a modern industrial economy anchored in Western science and technology. Modern systems of education and banking were created. The government financed and operated new manufacturing, mining, and transportation ventures, and as they became commercially viable it sold them to private interests. Continued government support led to the development after the 1890s of large-scale, family-based enterprises (zaibatsu) in banking, transportation, and heavy industries related to armament production. Vigorous private initiative prompted consumer industries such as textiles.During th e 1920s and 1930s, Japan's industries grew steadily in variety and technical maturity. Manufactured goods such as cement, steel, bicycles, simple industrial machinery, chemical fertilizers, and processed foods gained in importance. Electric power generation also increased sharply during this period. Notwithstanding these developments, the Japanese economy on the eve of World War II was still backward in many respects. Sophisticated machinery, chemicals, and refined metals had to be imported.... Two million of its people had died in the war, a third of them civilians. Air raids had devastated its cities, and at least 13 million Japanese were homeless. Industry was at a standstill, and even farm output had declined. Many Japanese wore rags and were half-starved. All were mentally and physically exhausted. For the first time in its history, Japan was a conquered nation occupied by a foreign power. Nowadays, we can see a novel Japan excruciating with energy and ambitions. Its economy is counted among the top most economies of the world. The population has become affluent and the country's main islands are connected together with a network of tunnels and bridges bullet trains keep on running at a speed of around 195 kilometers per hour. Prosperity created new challenges, however. The price for Japan's success included explosive urban growth and overcrowding, water and air pollution, and damage to many of the nation's scenic treasures. Hills were hacked down for factory sites or home-sites, while mountains were defaced by highways to accommodate city tourists. For a time, Mount Fuji, Japan's highest mountain peak almost disappeared from sight because of smog created by factories and cars. Today, that smog is gone, thanks to some of the world's most rigorous standards for auto emissions and industrial air pollution. In other areas, Japan still struggles to balance development with environmental protection. It was once predicted that Japan would become the world's largest economy by 2000, but the picture has changed dramatically. Japan's real-estate and stock markets collapsed in 1989-92, beginning the longest recession since World War II. The economy remains weak despite tax cuts and massive government spending. Yet export-oriented Japan still runs a